Trade Taxes Are Expensive

This paper examines the welfare implications of trade reforms in the presence of a government budget constraint. There is consensus about gains from opening up to trade. The less investigated question is, whether a coordinated tax reform, where the tariff revenue cuts are compensated with increases in distortionary domestic taxes, will still be welfare improving or not. Are trade taxes an expensive tool to raise the necessary revenue for governments? This paper uses a CGE model to generate “Marginal Cost of Funds” (MCF) figures for 32 countries to answer this question. The results suggest that there are significant welfare gains from further trade liberalization, especially for developing countries.Trade Liberalization, Tax Reform, Welfare Gain, Marginal Cost of Funds (MCF), Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE)

Revealing Turkey’s Public Debt Burden: A Transparent Payments Approach

We postulate a new method of identifying debt which we call Debt Burden (DB). We claim that DB reveals the true debt obligations of the fiscal authority. It is more accurate and transparent. Hence, DB would serve fiscal authority much better in policy making. It is powerful in a sense that it is calculated on a daily basis and can serve as a good policy measure since it includes projections into the future.Debt burden, public debt, Turkey

Makrosiklik Bileşiğin Sentezi ve Spektroskopik Özellikleri

1,4,7-tritosyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane yeni bir makrosiklik yapıda olan bileşik sentezlenmiştir. Sentezlenen bileşiğin yapısı IR, NMR spektroskopik yöntemler kullanılarak aydınlatılmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalara destek olması amacı ile de B3LYP metodu ve 6-31G(d) temel seti kullanılarak IR, NMR spektrumları ve bazı yapısal parametreler hesaplanmıştır. Moleküller arası etkileşimlerin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi amacıyla da bileşiğin, HOMO-LUMO frontier orbitalleri ve moleküler elektrostatik potansiyeli (MEP) gaussian 09 programı ile elde edilmiştir

2-Amino-4-nitro­phenol–1-(2,4,6-trihy­droxy­phen­yl)ethanone (1/1)

In the title compound, C6H6N2O3·C8H8O4, the 2-amino-4-nitro­phenol (ANP) and 1-(2,4,6-trihy­droxy­phen­yl)ethanone (THA) mol­ecules are both nearly planar, with r.m.s. deviations of 0.0630 and 0.0313 Å, respectively. The angle between the least-squares planes of THA and ANP is 48.99 (2)°. In THA, an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, N—H⋯O, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network. There are also inter­molecular π–π inter­actions between the benzene rings of ANP–ANP and of THA–THA mol­ecules, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.5313 (14) and 3.8440 (16) Å, respectively. Weak C—O⋯π and N—O⋯π inter­actions also occur

Preparation and characterization of superhydrophobic surfaces based on hexamethyldisilazane-modified nanoporous alumina

Superhydrophobic nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (alumina) surfaces were prepared using treatment with vapor-phase hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). Nanoporous alumina substrates were first made using a two-step anodization process. Subsequently, a repeated modification procedure was employed for efficient incorporation of the terminal methyl groups of HMDS to the alumina surface. Morphology of the surfaces was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, showing hexagonally ordered circular nanopores with approximately 250 nm in diameter and 300 nm of interpore distances. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance analysis showed the presence of chemically bound methyl groups on the HMDS-modified nanoporous alumina surfaces. Wetting properties of these surfaces were characterized by measurements of the water contact angle which was found to reach 153.2 ± 2°. The contact angle values on HMDS-modified nanoporous alumina surfaces were found to be significantly larger than the average water contact angle of 82.9 ± 3° on smooth thin film alumina surfaces that underwent the same HMDS modification steps. The difference between the two cases was explained by the Cassie-Baxter theory of rough surface wetting

Trade Taxes are Better?!?

The main purpose of this paper is to find out more about welfare implications of trade reforms with a government budget constraint by expanding the study of Anderson (1999). A simple general equilibrium model with distortionary indirect taxes and an “active” government budget constraint is employed to analyze the welfare implications of a trade reform. Unlike the conventional trade theory, the tariff revenue cuts due to the tariff reform must be compensated with increases in indirect taxes and not simply assuming lump sum transfers. The concept of “Marginal Cost of Funds” (MCF) from the public finance literature is utilized to find out whether the prospective change is welfare improving or not. The empirical part of the paper generates MCF figures, which answer the question; “is replacing trade taxes with indirect taxes always beneficial?” The results are of special interest to developing countries, which rely on trade taxes as a significant source of their government revenue, as well as for organizations such as the WTO, World Bank or the IMF

proposal

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to find out more about welfare implications of trade reforms with a government budget constraint by expanding the study o

Energy Efficiency Analysis in the Case of Sustainable Lighting Design Butterfly Valley Park (Konya)

The concept of lighting is of great importance in providing the security that people need so that they can have a quality of life and in meeting their aesthetic needs. Lighting design is related to the physical structure and the environment, and thanks to the lighting design, the aesthetic and functional needs of people will be met and the quality of life will be increased. The need to reflect the historical, cultural and aesthetic values of the city has brought the issue of urban lighting to the agenda. Lighting systems, which are applied without paying attention to the necessary lighting standards and criteria, cause some problems in urban spaces. One of these problems is light pollution; It is generally defined as the use of light in the wrong place, in the wrong amount, in the wrong direction and at the wrong time. Light pollution adversely affects the natural life and daily lives of people, and it is necessary to take various measures to eliminate such negativities in human life, to detect and eliminate these problems. In this study; The standards for the lighting of the city parks obtained by the literature studies were determined, the current lighting situation of the Butterfly Valley Park and the recommended lighting design produced by the Relux software in accordance with the standards. According to the findings; In the current lighting project, the total power consumed as a result of the lighting of all the lamps of the area has been calculated as 96 005.0 W. In the proposed lighting project, the total power consumed as a result of the burning of all lamps was calculated as 27 630.0 W. The obtained energy gain was found to be 96 005.0 W – 36 700.0 W = 68 375.0 W. As a result of working in the light of this information, energy savings of 1 in 3 have been achieved